OPERA REDISCOVERED

Let’s be clear: the task of reconstructing the original Teatro San Cassiano of 1637 is enormous.

Venetian opera might be one of music’s most researched topics, but very little is known of those first Venetian theatres. For the Teatro San Cassiano in 1637, there are no drawings, no plans and no description of the original theatre. Other than the first libretto for L’Andromeda, there is no extant reference dating back to its first production.

And yet, while most research to date has focused on staging opera, it is remarkable what can be achieved when the archives are approached from the perspective of reconstructing the theatre itself. In a very short time, we already hold the plans for the 1762 theatre, have its measurements, those of its predecessor (1695), and significantly those of the original site. We have a valuable font of resources in the Venetian archives, from architect’s notes to notary minutes, with each document shedding further light as we tirelessly work backwards to 1637. Already, we could build tomorrow a breath-takingly accurate and iconic reconstructions of the Teatro San Cassiano of 1695 and of 1762.

But, it is the 1637 theatre that changed the world, and we owe it to history to rebuild this one alone.

Thus, step by step, our painstaking research is working its way through the numerous archival records, drawings, previous incarnations of the theatre and images of other contemporary theatres (such as the Teatro SS Giovanni e Paolo) to deliver an historically viable plan for 1637. With obvious concessions to data lost in time and future revelations yet to be discovered, an academically balanced and realisable invocation of a plan for the original 1637 Teatro San Cassiano is evolving, which can now begin the process of revision, argument and counter-argument as it is fine-tuned by expert analysis.

The process is simple: research, consult, draw-up plans, research, consult, revise plans, research…

In this respect we are fortunate to have amongst our Consiglieri some of the world’s leading musicologists and experts in Venice to guide and advise. Moreover, to ensure we deliver the most accurate theatre possible, we have teamed up with our partners at Shakespeare’s Globe, and brought into the same reconstruction architect, technical advisor and builder responsible for both the original Globe and the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, who in turn will work with specialists in Venetian architecture and theatre. The Globe’s own website sets out how it dealt with the lack of plans to recreate the theatre:

“Other than concessions to comply with modern-day fire regulations such as additional exits, illuminated signage, fire retardant materials and some modern backstage machinery, the Globe is as accurate a reconstruction of the 1599 Globe as was possible with the available evidence. The reconstruction is as faithful to the original as modern scholarship and traditional craftsmanship can make it, but for the time being this Globe is—and is likely to remain—neither more nor less than the ‘best guess’ at Shakespeare’s theatre.”

By comparison to Shakespeare’s Globe, we have the advantage of a far greater font of primary and complimentary sources at our disposal and the evolution of modern technology which we are exploring with much interest. It is in this light that while we have confidence in our drawings for this stage of the process, we must impress that they remain an introductory first step and a snapshot of our research at the moment of print. They will be improved upon and they will each evolve before we have greater clarity by which to define the final drawings. Our research has barely commenced, and the fun has barely begun.

A brief overview

The Teatro San Cassiano (or Teatro di San Cassiano and other variants) in Venice was the world’s first public opera theatre, inaugurated as such in 1637. The first mention of its construction dates back to 1581.^[1] The name with which it is best known comes from the parish in which it was located, San Cassiano (Saint Cassian), in the Santa Croce district (‘sestiere’) not far from the Rialto. It was owned by the Venetian Tron family and was the first ‘public’ opera house in the sense that it was the first to open to a paying audience. Until then, public theatres (i.e., those operating on a commercial basis) had staged only recited theatrical performances (‘comedies’ or ‘commedie’)^[2] while opera had remained a private spectacle, reserved for the aristocracy and the courts. The Teatro San Cassiano was, therefore, the first public theatre to stage opera and in so doing opened opera for wider public consumption.

1. The Sixteenth Century
2. The Seventeenth Century
1. The construction of the theatre in 1637
2. The structure of the theatre of 1637
3. Artistic life
3. The Eighteenth Century
1. Building and artistic life
2. Bognolo’s surveys and the theatre of 1763
3. Last years and demolition 

4. The reimagination and reconstruction project

The Sixteenth Century

The first information relating to a theatre on this site dates back to 1581. The Tron family theatre for ‘commedie’ is referenced both in a letter sent by Ettore Tron to Duke Alfonso II d’Este, dated 4 January 1580 more veneto (i.e., 1581), and in Francesco Sansovino’s, Venetia città nobilissima et singolare,^[3] in which two theatres in the parish of San Cassiano are mentioned: according to some historians, and based on the roughly rectangular shape of the plot of land on which it stood, the Tron theatre would appear to have been the “egg-shaped” one with the Michiel in turn being the “round” one.^[4] In the cited letter, Tron writes of “expenditure of great significance for the recitation of comedies”, but he also hints at the popularity of his venture (“si ha scosso per capara di molti Palchi, circa Ducati mille”, “we have cashed in deposits on many boxes, roughly 1,000 ducats”).^[5] Other than suggesting that the theatre was well received, this also confirms that theatre-boxes, which would later constitute one of the key architectural elements of the ‘teatro all’italiana’ (an Italianate opera house), were already present in this first incarnation of the theatre. This too is confirmed in a letter from Venice by Paolo Mori (agent of the Duke of Mantua), of 7 October 1581, which mentions the “boxes of those two purpose-built venues”.^[6] Additionally, in Antonio Persio’s Trattato de’ Portamenti (1607), within a passage referring to the years preceding 1593—and in reference seemingly to either the Tron theatre or the Michiel theatre—the author writes that the nobles “had rented almost all the boxes”.^[7]

With regard to the date of construction of the Tron theatre, and the presence therein of boxes (an innovative feature from both an architectural-theatrical and commercial point of view), it is noted that somewhat opportunely in 1580 a radical change occurred in the language of the Council of Ten relating to these theatrical venues, as for the first time a formula had been attested which implies concerns relating to their structural solidity in that they had to be “strong and safe so that no collapse can happen”.^[8] Therefore, it would appear that the innovation given by the introduction of boxes as an integral part of the structure of a theatrical building gave rise within the Council of Ten to safety concerns. This would explain why the Council ordered that experts had to verify solidity in advance to eliminate collapses and consequent accidents or worse.

The Tron theatre (together with the one owned by the Michiel family, located near the Grand Canal) was subsequently closed in 1585 by order of the Council of Ten and emptied of any wooden element that had to do with the theatrical nature of the place;^[9] the Tron theatre (i.e. the Teatro San Cassiano) was then reopened probably after 1607.^[10]

The Seventeenth Century

The construction of the theatre in 1637

Archive documents refer with some continuity to the use of the Teatro San Cassiano for theatrical performances throughout the 1610s.^[11] In 1629 and 1633, two fires destroyed the theatre. No known archival documents mention the theatre in the two years 1634-1635.^[12]

In 1636, the Tron brothers (Ettore and Francesco, of the ‘branch’ of San Benetto family) appear to have communicated to the authorities their intention to open a “Theatre for music”, thus clarifying from the outset its function as an opera house. This, in itself, marks a critical turning point in the history of opera: a theatre built specifically to stage music.

This is revealed in a document dated 2 May 1636, reportedly uncovered by Remo Giazotto in the late 1960s but no longer traceable since at least the mid-1970s:^[13]

"With reference to the information given to these Illustrious Magistrates by the Noblemen Tron of San Benetto regarding the intention of opening a Theatre for music, as practiced in some places for the delight of distinguished audiences [...]."

It must be noted that no image of the theatre of 1637 is extant today: neither of the outside nor of the inside. What is well known is that the Teatro San Cassiano was inaugurated in 1637 with the performance of L’Andromeda by Francesco Manelli (music) and Benedetto Ferrari (libretto). The dedication, dated 6 May 1637, specifies that the opera “had been reborn on stage two months ago”.^[14]

The historical significance of this event is incalculable, as is the commercial practice established of purchasing of an entrance ticket by each spectator; a concept destined for global diffusion, but which occurs here as public opera for the first time. Indeed, the Teatro San Cassiano can, therefore, be seen as the economic-architectonic prototype of the so-called ‘teatro all’italiana’ destined to enjoy enormous fortune over the following centuries.^[15]

The structure of the theatre of 1637

Given the total absence of images relating to this phase of Teatro San Cassiano’s history, a document stipulated by the Notary Alessandro Pariglia, dated 12 February 1657 more veneto, offers significant insight with regard to the internal structure of the auditorium. In it, the Notary records that before this date there were a total of 153 boxes in the theatre, but that now there remained 102; no reason is given and whether he is referring to the number of boxes in use or their number in total is not clear. The same number of 153 was later described by the French Jacques Chassebras de Cremailles in 1683, who wrote in the Mercure Galant that “the theatre of San Cassiano [...] has five tiers of boxes and 31 in each tier”.^[16] Noting the characteristics of Venetian theatres in the seventeenth century, it is therefore logical to conclude that the total of 153 boxes is made up of four tiers of 31 boxes each, plus a first “ground-floor” tier, known as the ‘Pepiano’, of 29 boxes with two side-entrances to the “platea” (orchestra stalls). This number matches precisely that recorded, decades later, by the Venetian architect, Francesco Bognolo, when he carried out surveys of all Venetian theatres (plus one in Padua) prior to 7 June 1765.^[17] In his list of measurements relating to what Bognolo calls the “old Teatro San Cassiano” (dating back to 1696 or further to 1670), the architect specifies “total boxes: number 31 per tier”, exactly as cited by Chassebras. This total of 153 boxes therefore runs through the history of the theatre from at least the 1650s to the mid-eighteenth century. Given that the first extant testimony dates back to February 1657 more veneto (i.e., February 1658), and in noting that there were no known remakes or renovations between its inauguration in 1637 and 1658, and that further the plot of land on which the theatre stood, as far as is known, remained unvaried from 1637 until the 1760s (it measured c. 27 metres by 18.5 metres), it is reasonable to conclude that from the outset the theatre of 1637 had 153 boxes over five tiers (thus, a ground-floor ‘Pepiano’ tier, plus first, second, third and fourth ‘ordini’).

In this regard, and to cite contemporary examples even if in remarkably different contexts, it should be noted that both the temporary theatre built for the production of L’Ermiona (Padua, 1636)^[18] and the theatre in the Great Hall of the Palazzo del Podestà (Bologna, 1639)^[19] each presented a total of five tiers of boxes, albeit those of Padua are recorded as being of larger (wider) boxes or “loggias”. As such, the structure of five superimposed tiers is attested in those years beyond Venice and constitutes a type of theatre congruent with what is known, to date, of the Teatro San Cassiano of 1637.

Artistic life

As for the artistic life of the theatre, after the performance of La maga fulminata (1638), again by Francesco Manelli and Benedetto Ferrari, from 1639 onwards Francesco Cavalli became the theatre’s and Venice’s chief protagonist. Cavalli has become one of the most studied and significant opera composers of the seventeenth century because “Cavalli’s operas [...] are not only relevant qualitatively, but they also remain among the few about which sufficient documentation has been preserved. Indeed, it should be pointed out that with regard to the first 25 years of Venetian opera production, by comparison to the approximately one hundred surviving printed librettos, only about thirty scores, all handwritten, remain extant today, of which two thirds are Cavalli’s”.^[20] His Le nozze di Teti e di Peleo (1639) remains the first fully extant opera for the Teatro San Cassiano. This was followed by Gli amori d’Apollo e di Dafne (1640), La Didone (1641), La virtù de’ strali d’Amore (1642), L’Egisto (1643), L’Ormindo (1644), La Doriclea e Il Titone (1645), Giasone (1649), L’Orimonte (1650), Antioco (1658), and Elena (1659).

Other significant composers, active at the Teatro San Cassiano in the seventeenth century, include Pietro Andrea Ziani, Marc’Antonio Ziani, Antonio Gianettini and Tomaso Albinoni. Indeed, it was Gianettini’s opera L’ingresso alla gioventù di Claudio Nerone (Modena, 1692), which became the first Teatro San Cassiano co-production of the reconstruction project when it received its modern-day premiere in September 2018, in the castle theatre of Český Krumlov, conductor Ondřej Macek.^[21]

The Eighteenth Century

Building and artistic life

There is no evidence relating to structural works having occurred during the first half of the eighteenth century.

On the other hand, opera production continued with some consistency at least until the middle of the century, thanks in particular to the long-lasting collaboration with Tomaso Albinoni; other noted composers who staged their operas at the Teatro San Cassiano in this era were Antonio Pollarolo, Francesco Gasparini, Carlo Francesco Pollarolo, Antonio Lotti, Gaetano Latilla, Baldassare Galuppi.^[22]

Bognolo’s surveys and the theatre of 1763

As previously noted, prior to 1765, Francesco Bognolo—the architect in charge of the design of the ‘new’ Teatro San Cassiano—took measurements of “all the theatres in Venice, as well as the one in Padua”.^[23] Among these, the precise measurements relating to the ‘old’ Teatro San Cassiano appear. This theatre was characterised by reduced dimensions: the proscenium, for example, was a little wider than 8 metres, while the stage had an average depth of 6.5 metres. The boxes were extremely limited in size, at least by comparison to those of the nineteenth century to which we are now accustomed, and their widths ranged from about 95 centimetres to c. 120 centimetres in the ‘pergoletto di mezzo’ (central box). The recorded height of the boxes of the ‘primo ordine’ (second tier) was slightly less than 2.10 metres, while for those of the ‘terzo ordine’ (thus, the fourth tier) were just over 1.80 metres.

As for the ‘new’ Teatro San Cassiano, inaugurated with La morte di Dimone (1763), music by Antonio Tozzi and libretto by Johann Joseph Felix von Kurz and Giovanni Bertati, the main difference was with regard the deeper stage, achieved by the extending the length of the theatre by demolishing two small houses which, with reference to the ‘old’ Teatro San Cassiano, stood against its end wall located a few metres from the outer curve of the boxes. In the ‘new’ Teatro San Cassiano, the average depth of the stage was slightly less than 9.5 metres, therefore approximately 3 metres more than its predecessor; the boxes were also a little wider than that of the late-seventeenth-century Teatro San Cassiano: suffice to compare the width the proscenium boxes of the ‘old’ theatre at 104 centimetres against 139 centimetres in the ‘new’ theatre.

Last years and demolition

If we consider the new theatre reopened in 1763, it might be surprising to read that a little more than a decade later, in 1776, if Giacomo Casanova is to be taken in good faith, that the Teatro San Cassiano had become a place where “women of the underworld and prostitute young men commit in the boxes of the fifth tier those crimes that the Government, in tolerating them, wants at least not to be exposed to the sight of others”, a description that has led to suppose an early state of degradation and decay.^[24]

The last known season was that of 1798, during which two operas were performed: La sposa di stravagante temperamento (as we read in the libretto, “the music is by Mr Pietro Guglielmi, Neapolitan chapel master. The scenario will be entirely invented and directed by Mr Luigi Facchinelli, from Verona”)^[25] and Gli umori contrari (music by Sebastiano Nasolini, libretto by Giovanni Bertati).

The last word should go to I teatri del Veneto: “In 1805, the French decided to close it definitively. The entire building was demolished in 1812 to make room for houses [...]. Today, the area of the Teatro San Cassiano has become the Albrizzi garden”.^[26]

The reimagination and reconstruction project

The ongoing project to reconstruct the Teatro San Cassiano of 1637 in Venice has been conceived, directed and financed by Paul Atkin, founder and CEO of the Teatro San Cassiano Group Ltd. The project was first devised by Atkin in 1999, but research into the feasibility of rebuilding the original theatre of 1637 in Venice began in earnest in April 2015. This led to the incorporation of the Teatro San Cassiano Group in early May 2017 (near the anniversary of the libretto of L’Andromeda, whose dedication is dated 6 May 1637) and the official launch of the project in June 2019 through an international conference, an exhibition and a concluding concert held in Venice: ‘Teatro San Cassiano: need, solution, opportunity’. The project has received the formal support of the Comune of Venice. The Teatro San Cassiano Group has announced that a site has been identified and that it is engaged in the planning process.^[27]

In 2018, on the basis of the various archival data summarised above, Stefano Patuzzi (the Director of Research for the Teatro San Cassiano Group Ltd) prepared a table (in Venetian feet and inches, with related conversions in centimetres) of the measurements of both the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ Teatro San Cassiano. Using this data, Atkin and Patuzzi then collaborated closely with Jon Greenfield (Hamson Barron Smith and the reconstruction architect of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, London) to produce the first ever historically-informed architectural plans for the theatre of 1637. These later formed the precise criteria for 2D and 3D renderings of the theatre, as well as wooden models and CGI (“Computer Generated Imagery”) reimaginations of the original theatre (again, for the first time in history). The data provided by the quantified measurements of the plot of land for the original site, the total number of 153 boxes, the precise measurements of the boxes and the stage recorded by Bognolo for the “Teatro di S. Cassan vecchio” (thus dating back to 1696 or further to 1670) are all perfectly compatible with one another and further confirm the possibility that, since 1637, the general structure of the theatre was precisely five tiers with a total of 153 boxes, as attested in the notarial document of 1657 more veneto.^[28]

Moreover, these solutions evidently capitalise on the commercial possibilities dictated by the size of the original plot of land: the clear aim of such a public theatre being to maximise the number of boxes (both vertically, in terms of the number of tiers, and horizontally with regards the width and depth of the boxes) with the ultimate goal and financial reality of optimising the commercial return. It is therefore as evident in 1637, as it would be today, that it was a question of creating as many boxes as possible so as to maximise revenue via the sale of as many entrance tickets as possible.

While adhering absolutely to all archival data and measurements, the project (from a methodological point of view) aims primarily at a ‘reimagination’ of the Teatro San Cassiano of 1637, which thus follows the precedence established by both London models, namely the Shakespeare’s Globe and the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse. Despite the term ‘reimagination’, the project does not intend in any way to indicate an arbitrary or subjective process of invention; on the contrary, it intends to underline how archival sources and other primary sources, obviously of fundamental importance, leave by their very nature interpretive gaps to be filled for which solutions based on analogies and similarities are of course necessary: for example with reference to other Venetian theatres of the same period, with materials used in the same period, and so on.^[29] All activity is carried out by the research team in close collaboration with the Group’s renowned Consiglieri, that is to say international specialists in the various sectors of their respective competence.^[30] The ‘reimagination’ therefore also constitutes a hermeneutical process based on a profound and total respect for the sources, but maintaining full awareness that the historical material offered by all primary sources and relating to the Teatro San Cassiano cannot provide all the answers to all the questions posed by the physical reconstruction of every single element of the theatre, of the fabrics, of the decorations, of the light sources, etc.

The process of research, reimagination and reconstruction therefore form part of an ongoing whole that will continue beyond the reopening of the theatre and into performance practice. In the reconstruction phase, the academic research will combine with the historically-informed craftsmanship available to allow the project to respect, as much as possible, all facets of historical reconstruction, lighting techniques, the use of wood, materials, and more, typical of 1630s in Venice.

Once rebuilt, the Teatro San Cassiano will aim to become once again a public theatre specialising in the performance of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century opera. The goal is to deliver a world-renowned centre for the continuous exploration of the various ‘historically-informed’ practices (both in the orchestra pit and on the stage), to environmentally and commercially revitalise its locality in Venice, to provide employment and industry (above all for Venetians) and to maintain a continuous dialogue with the community via educational and music therapy programmes conceived for ages spanning from primary school to university and then to the wider populace. The theatre will also offer a museum and create a Baroque cultural complex entirely open to its community.

Dr Stefano Patuzzi
Director of Research
Teatro San Cassiano

Notes

[1] See Franco Mancini, Elena Povoledo and Maria Teresa Muraro, I Teatri del Veneto - Venezia, volume 1,  Venice, Corbo e Fiore, 1995, pp. 97-149.

[2] See for instance Nicola Mangini, I teatri di Venezia, Milan, Mursia, 1974, p. 35; and Beth L. Glixon and Jonathan E. Glixon, Inventing the Business of Opera. The Impresario and His World in Seventeenth-Century Venice, Oxford-New York, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 8-9.

[3] Published by Iacomo Sansovino, Venice, 1581, p. 75.

[4] See for instance I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, p. 98.

[5] Transcribed ivi, p. 126.

[6] Alessandro D’Ancona, Origini del teatro italiano, Turin, Loescher, volume 2, 1891, p. 452, fn. 2; this letter is also quoted in I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, p. 93.

[7] Eugene J. Johnson, The Short, Lascivious Lives of Two Venetian Theaters, 1580-85, in “Renaissance Quarterly”, Vol. 55, N. 3 (Autumn 2002), p. 936-968: 965; and I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, p. 95.

[8] Eugene J. Johnson, The Short cit., p. 959.

[9] “Within 15 days they must dismantle entirely the boxes, scenery, and other movable things in the places they have constructed to perform Comedies, so that nothing remains for that effect” (document of 14 January 1585 more veneto): Eugene J. Johnson, The Short cit., pp. 954 and 963.

[10] See I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, p. XXVIII; Eugene J. Johnson, Inventing the Opera House. Theater Architecture in Renaissance and Baroque Italy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 120.

[11] See I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, pp. 126-130.

[12] See ivi, p. 100.

[13] Remo Giazotto, La guerra dei palchi, “Nuova Rivista Musicale Italiana”, Year 1, n. 2 – July / August 1967, pp. 245-286:252-253; Nicola Mangini, I teatri di Venezia, Milan, Mursia, 1974, p. 37, footnote 21; Eugene J. Johnson, Inventing cit., p. 299, footnote 24.

[14] L’Andromeda, Venice, Antonio Bariletti, 1637, p. 3.

[15] See Lorenzo Bianconi, Music in the Seventeenth Century, Cambridge, CUP, 1987, p. 183: «the Venetian-type theatre […] comes to represent something of an economic and architectural prototype for Italy and Europe as a whole. At least architecturally, this prototype still survives essentially unchanged […]».

[16] «Le Théatre de S. Cassian est […] à cinq rangs de Pales, et 31. à chaque rang»; “Mercure Galant”, March 1683, p. 288.

[17] Archivio di Stato, Venice, Giudici del Piovego, busta 86.

[18] «Five tiers of loggias circled all around, one superimposed upon the other, with parapets in front of the marble balustrades; the spaces, comfortable for sixteen spectators, were separated by some partitions that presented externally as columns, from which silver wooden arms protruded outward to support the double candlestick holders that illuminated the theatre»; L’Ermiona, Padua, Paolo Frambotto, 1638, p. 8. Punctuation has been modified to make clearer the meaning of the text.

[19] The miniature that portrays it (preserved in the State Archives of Bologna, Anziani Consoli, Insignia, Vol. VII, C. 15a, 1639) can be seen for example in Eugene J. Johnson, Inventing the Opera House cit., p. 171.

[20] Gloria Staffieri, L’opera italiana. Dalle origini alle riforme del secolo dei Lumi (1590-1790), Rome, Carocci, 2014, p. 121.

[21] See Paul Atkin, Opera Production in Late Seventeenth-Century Modena: The Case of L’ingresso alla gioventù di Claudio Nerone (1692), Royal Holloway College (University of London), supervisor Tim Carter, 2010.

The premiere was the result of a synergy between the local organising bodies and the Teatro San Cassiano.

[22] See I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, pp. 144-147.

[23] Cited from Archivio di Stato, Venice, Giudici del Piovego, busta 86.

[24] See I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, p. 105.

[25] Venice, Antonio Rosa [1798], p. 2 (unnumbered).

[26] See I Teatri del Veneto cit., volume 1, p. 105.

[27] See https://www.teatrosancassiano.it/en/news/a-world-leading-cultural-centre-for-baroque-opera

[28] https://www.teatrosancassiano.it/sites/default/files/tsc_research_status_201903.pdf

[29] Concepts summarised in particular in the paper by Stefano Patuzzi, Reimmaginare il Teatro San Cassiano del 1637. Alcune riflessioni sul metodo, delivered at the conference Teatro San Cassiano. Necessità, soluzione, opportunità, Venice, Conservatorio di musica “Benedetto Marcello”, 13-16 June 2019. The programme can be read at https://www.teatrosancassiano.it/sites/default/files/tsc_convegno_programma_201906.pdf

[30] https://www.teatrosancassiano.it/en/about-us